Depression Symptoms in Heavy Alcohol and Cigarette Users
Author Information
Author(s): Joan Faith Epstein, Marta Induni, Tom Wilson
Primary Institution: California Department of Public Health
Hypothesis
This study estimates the prevalence of depression and its association with heavy alcohol use and cigarette smoking in California.
Conclusion
Heavy alcohol use and daily smoking are associated with an increased risk of depression.
Supporting Evidence
- 9.2% of adults in California had clinically significant depressive symptoms.
- Daily smokers were more than 3 times more likely to have depressive symptoms than nonsmokers.
- Heavy drinkers were approximately 3 times more likely to have depressive symptoms than nondrinkers.
- Prevalence of depression was highest among daily smokers who were also heavy drinkers.
Takeaway
People who smoke a lot and drink a lot are more likely to feel very sad. It's important to help those who do both.
Methodology
The study used data from the 2006 California Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and logistic models to analyze the relationship between depression, alcohol use, and smoking.
Potential Biases
Small sample sizes in some subgroups may lead to unstable estimates.
Limitations
The study is cross-sectional, which means it cannot determine causation, and it may miss certain populations due to its telephone survey method.
Participant Demographics
The study included adults aged 18 and older from California, with variations in demographics such as age, race/ethnicity, and income.
Statistical Information
Statistical Significance
p<0.05
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