Toxic Shock Syndrome in the United States: Surveillance Update, 1979-1996
Author Information
Author(s): Rana A. Hajjeh, Arthur Reingold, Alexis Weil, Kathleen Shutt, Anne Schuchat, Bradley A. Perkins
Primary Institution: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Hypothesis
What are the epidemiologic characteristics and trends of toxic shock syndrome (TSS) in the United States from 1979 to 1996?
Conclusion
The review confirms a declining trend in menstrual toxic shock syndrome cases and highlights an increase in nonmenstrual cases.
Supporting Evidence
- 5,296 cases of TSS were reported from 1979 to 1996.
- Menstrual TSS accounted for 74% of cases during the study period.
- The case-fatality ratio for menstrual TSS decreased significantly over time.
- Nonmenstrual TSS cases increased, particularly after surgical procedures.
- 98% of TSS patients were hospitalized.
Takeaway
Toxic shock syndrome used to be a big problem for women using certain tampons, but now there are fewer cases because of better awareness and changes in tampon design.
Methodology
Data from the national TSS surveillance system was reviewed, focusing on cases reported from 1979 to 1996.
Potential Biases
Potential diagnostic and reporting biases may affect the detection of nonmenstrual TSS cases.
Limitations
The study relies on passive surveillance data, which may not capture all cases.
Participant Demographics
93% of TSS cases were among women, with a median age of 22 years and 91% being white.
Statistical Information
P-Value
p<0.0001
Statistical Significance
p<0.05
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